1: Smoking and alcohol directly penetrate the gastric mucosal barrier, leading to gastric ulcers and bleeding.
2: Heavy and spicy foods increase the digestive burden on the stomach, while high-salt intake and excessive consumption of spicy food harm the gastric mucosa.
3: Helicobacter pylori infection rates are high, with transmission occurring through eating out without using public chopsticks and consuming unclean food.
4: Negative emotions can have adverse effects on the gut through the gut-brain axis.
