1. Abnormal Odor: Urine usually has a faint ammonia smell. A rotten apple-like odor may suggest diabetic ketoacidosis, a pungent ammonia odor may indicate cystitis or urinary retention, and a foul smell could be a sign of bacterial infection. 

2. Persistent Foamy Urine: If urine consistently has foamy bubbles that do not dissipate quickly, it could be a sign of proteinuria, which occurs when the kidneys' filtration system is compromised and allows excessive protein in the urine.

3. Abnormal Urine Output: Normal urine output should be around 1-2 liters per day. Excessive urination could be a result of conditions like renal tubular necrosis, heart failure, or kidney failure. 

4.

Changes in Urine Color: Healthy urine is pale yellow, red urine could indicate kidney inflammation, kidney stones, or ureteral stones.

Dark tea-colored or soy sauce-colored urine may suggest acute kidney inflammation or hemolytic jaundice. Cloudy urine with a yellowish-white color may indicate a urinary tract infection.